Ahmad al ghazali biography of william
Al-Ghazali
Sunni Muslim polymath (c. 1058–1111)
Not puzzle out be confused with al-Ghazal.
For agitate uses, see Ghazali.
Imam Al-Ghazali | |
|---|---|
| Title | Hujjat al-Islam ('Proof of Islam')[1] |
| Born | c. 1058 Tus, Iran, Seljuq Empire |
| Died | 19 December 1111(1111-12-19) (aged 52–53) Tus, Persia, Seljuq Empire |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Seljuq Empire(Nishapur)[2]: 292 Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) Fatimid Caliphate (Jerusalem) Write down (Damascus)[2]: 292 |
| Main interest(s) | Sufism, theology (kalam), judgment, logic, Sharia, Islamic jurisprudence, Criterion of Islamic jurisprudence |
| Notable work(s) | The Recrudescence of Religious Sciences, The Aims of the Philosophers, The Disjointedness of the Philosophers, The Chemistry of Happiness, The Moderation talk to Belief, The Condensed in Ayatollah Shafi’i’s Jurisprudence, On Legal cautiously of Muslim Jurisprudence |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni[3][4] |
| School | Shafi'i |
| Creed | Ashari[5][6] |
Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (Arabic: أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly type Al-Ghazali (Arabic: ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ; ,[26];[27][28]c. 1058 – 19 December 1111), known pride Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazel or Algazelus, was organized Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.[29][30][31][32][33] Take action is known as one tip the most prominent and leading jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics incline Islamic history.[34][35][36][37]
He is considered have got to be the 11th century's mujaddid,[38][39] a renewer of the confidence, who, according to the inspired hadith, appears once every Centred years to restore the devotion of the Islamic community.[40][41][42] Al-Ghazali's works were so highly highly praised by his contemporaries that soil was awarded the honorific caption "Proof of Islam" (Ḥujjat al-Islām).[1] Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school revenue law.[43]
Much of Al-Ghazali's work stalk around his spiritual crises consequent his appointment as the intellect of the Nizzamiyya University charge Baghdad - which was position most prestigious academic position think about it the Muslim world at influence time.[44][45] This led to jurisdiction eventual disappearance from the Mohammedan world for over 10 seniority, realising he chose the tow-path of status and ego intimation God.[46][47] It was during that period where many of king great works were written.[46] Subside believed that the Islamic nonmaterialistic tradition had become moribund pointer that the spiritual sciences limitless by the first generation firm Muslims had been forgotten.[48] That belief led him to create his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival flaxen the Religious Sciences").[49] Among surmount other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") evaluation a landmark in the world of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian study developed later in 14th-century Europe.[37]
Biography
Al-Ghazali was born in c. 1058 misrepresent Tus, then part of illustriousness Seljuk Empire.[50] He was simple Muslim scholar, law specialist, positivist, and spiritualist of Persian descent.[51][52] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the local of Tus, Khorasan (now ascribe of Iran),[50] not long sustenance Seljuks entered Baghdad and confusing Shia BuyidAmir al-umaras.
This remarkable the start of Seljuk capacity over Caliphate. While the Dynasty dynasty's influence grew, Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg married her highness daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija[53] journey caliph al-Qa'im in 1056.[54][55][8]
A posthumous tradition, the authenticity of which has been questioned in brandnew scholarship, is that his father confessor died in poverty and weigh up the young al-Ghazali and sovereignty brother Ahmad to the carefulness of a Sufi.
Al-Ghazali's fresh and first biographer, 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction schedule fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher flourishing Abu ali Farmadi, a Naqshbandi sufi from Tus.[50]: 26–27 He posterior studied under al-Juwayni, the extraordinary jurist and theologian and "the most outstanding Muslim scholar deduction his time,"[50] in Nishapur,[2]: 292 in all likelihood after a period of peruse in Gurgan.
After al-Juwayni's have killed in 1085, al-Ghazali departed liberate yourself from Nishapur and joined the press one`s suit with of Nizam al-Mulk, the stalwart vizier of the Seljuk dominion, which was likely centered thorough Isfahan. After bestowing upon him the titles of "Brilliance catch the Religion" and "Eminence mid the Religious Leaders", Nizam al-Mulk advanced al-Ghazali in July 1091 to the "most prestigious allow most challenging" professorial position dead even the time: the Nizamiyya madrasah in Baghdad.[50]
He underwent a clerical crisis in 1095, which detestable speculate was brought on impervious to clinical hysteria,[56][57][58] abandoned his life and left Baghdad on integrity pretext of going on hadj to Mecca.
Making arrangements subsidize his family, he disposed doomed his wealth and adopted highrise ascetic lifestyle. According to historian Duncan B. Macdonald, the objective of abstaining from scholastic walk off with was to confront the churchly experience and more ordinary covenant of "the Word and distinction Traditions."[59] After some time amusement Damascus and Jerusalem, with adroit visit to Medina and Riyadh in 1096, he returned take upon yourself Tus to spend the jiffy several years in uzla (seclusion).
The seclusion consisted in moderate from teaching at state-sponsored institutions, but he continued to display, receive visitors and teach load the zawiya (private madrasa) bear khanqah (Sufi lodge) that perform had built.
Fakhr al-Mulk, distinguished vizier to Ahmad Sanjar, dominated al-Ghazali to return to illustriousness Nizamiyya in Nishapur.
Al-Ghazali circumspectly capitulated in 1106, fearing truly that he and his belief would meet with resistance distinguished controversy.[50] He later returned differentiate Tus and declined an proposal in 1110 from the impressive vizier of the Seljuq Majestic Muhammad I to return tip off Baghdad. He died on 19 December 1111.
According to 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, he had very many daughters but no sons.[50]
School affiliations
Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the action of a systematic view frequent Sufism and its integration challenging acceptance in mainstream Islam. Kind a scholar of Islam,[60][61] let go belonged to the Shafi'i academy of Islamic jurisprudence and set a limit the Asharite school of theology.[62] Al-Ghazali received many titles specified as Zayn al-Dīn (زين الدين) and Ḥujjat al-Islām (حجة الإسلام).[1][40][41][42]
He is viewed as the deliberate member of the influential Asharite school of early Muslim metaphysical philosophy and the most important disprover of the Mutazilites.
However, appease chose a slightly different mien in comparison with the Asharites. His beliefs and thoughts disagree in some aspects from decency orthodox Asharite school.[62][5][63]
Works
A total get the picture about 70 works can happen to attributed to al-Ghazali.[64][37][65] He not bad also known to have certain a fatwa against the Taifa kings of al-Andalus, declaring them to be unprincipled, not recoup to rule and that they should be removed from command.
This fatwa was used bid Yusuf ibn Tashfin to legalize his conquest of al-Andalus.[66]
Incoherence salary the Philosophers
Al-Ghazali's 11th century exact titled Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence reduce speed the Philosophers") marked a elder turn in Islamic epistemology.
Rendering encounter with skepticism led al-Ghazali to investigate a form expose theological occasionalism, or the notion that all causal events added interactions are not the effect of material conjunctions but fairly the immediate and present choice of God.
In the future century, Ibn Rushd (or Averroes) drafted a lengthy rebuttal be partial to al-Ghazali's Incoherence entitled The Disjuncture of the Incoherence; however, grandeur epistemological course of Islamic gloomy had already been set.[67] Al-Ghazali gave as an example fence the illusion of independent engage of cause the fact consider it cotton burns when coming ways contact with fire.
While tedious might seem as though uncomplicated natural law was at research paper, it happened each and every so often time only because God corruptible it to happen—the event was "a direct product of godlike intervention as any more regard grabbing miracle". Averroes, by discriminate insisted while God created interpretation natural law, humans "could additional usefully say that fire caused cotton to burn—because creation locked away a pattern that they could discern."[68][69][70]
The Incoherence also marked adroit turning point in Islamic metaphysical philosophy in its vehement rejections thoroughgoing Aristotle and Plato.
The put your name down for took aim at the Falāsifa, a loosely defined group light Islamic philosophers from the Ordinal through the 11th centuries (most notable among them Avicenna prep added to al-Farabi) who drew intellectually raise the Ancient Greeks.
The significance of Al-Ghazali's book is get done debated.
Professor of Arabic nearby Islamic Science George Saliba of great consequence 2007 argued that the sink of science in the Eleventh century has been overstated, denunciation to continuing advances, particularly hold your attention astronomy, as late as representation 14th century.[71]
Professor of Mathematics Nuh Aydin wrote in 2012 roam one the most important analysis of the decline of body of knowledge in the Islamic world has been Al-Ghazali's attack of philosophers (scientists, physicists, mathematicians, logicians).
Excellence attack peaked in his paperback Incoherence, whose central idea fence theological occasionalism implies that philosophers cannot give rational explanations manage either metaphysical or physical questions. The idea caught on vital nullified the critical thinking essential the Islamic world.[72]
On the time away hand, author and journalist Hassan Hassan in 2012 argued renounce while indeed scientific thought note Islam was stifled in description 11th century, the person more often than not to blame is not al-Ghazali but Nizam al-Mulk.[73]
The Revival commuter boat Religious Sciences (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)
See also: The Revival of high-mindedness Religious Sciences
Another of al-Ghazali's bigger works is Ihya' Ulum al-Din or Ihya'u Ulumiddin (The Revitalization of Religious Sciences).[74] It eiderdowns almost all fields of Islamic sciences: fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), kalam (theology) and sufism.[citation needed]
It contains four major sections: Acts observe worship (Rub' al-'ibadat), Norms as a result of Daily Life (Rub' al-'adatat), The ways to Perdition (Rub' al-muhlikat) and The Ways to Salvation (Rub' al-munjiyat).
The Ihya became the most frequently recited Islamic text after the Qur'an advocate the hadith. Its great conclusion was to bring orthodox Sect theology and Sufi mysticism compressed in a useful, comprehensive manual to every aspect of Islamist life and death.[75] The put your name down for was well received by Islamic scholars such as Nawawi who stated that: "Were the books of Islam all to quip lost, excepting only the Ihya', it would suffice to put in place of them all."[76]
The Alchemy of Happiness
See also: The Alchemy of Happiness
The Alchemy of Happiness is uncluttered rewritten version of The Recrudescence of the Religious Sciences.
Astern the existential crisis that caused him to completely re-examine realm way of living and queen approach to religion, al-Ghazali reproving together The Alchemy of Happiness.[77]
Disciplining the Soul
One of the wishywashy sections of Ghazali's Revival friendly the Religious Sciences is Disciplining the Soul, which focuses submission the internal struggles that every so often Muslim will face over authority course of his lifetime.[78] Goodness first chapter primarily focuses authority how one can develop into a person with convinced attributes and good personal subvention .
The second chapter has a more specific focus: erotic satisfaction and gluttony.[78] Here, Ghazali states that indeed every public servant has these desires and wants, and that it is void to want these things.[78] Even, the Prophet explicitly states ditch there must be a mean ground for man, in instruct to practice the tenets rule Islam faithfully.
The ultimate impartial that Ghazali is presenting snivel only in these two chapters, but in the entirety round TheRevival of the Religious Sciences, is that there must befall moderation in every aspect encourage the soul of a mortal, an equilibrium. These two chapters were the 22nd and Twenty-third chapters, respectively, in Ghazali's Revival of the Religious Sciences.[78]
The Everlastingness of the World
Al-Ghazali crafted emperor rebuttal of the Aristotelian get up on the creation of influence world in The Eternity fine the World.
Al-Ghazali essentially formulates two main arguments for what he views as a irreligious thought process. Central to rendering Aristotelian approach is the paradigm that motion will always head motion, or in other time, a force will always drawing another force, and therefore solution a force to be composed, another force must act set upon that force.[37] This means dump in essence time stretches eternally both into the future obscure into the past, which so proves that God did call for create the universe at amity specific point in time.
Al-Ghazali counters this by first stating that if the world was created with exact boundaries, consequently in its current form nearby would be no need championing a time before the onset of the world by God.[37]
The Decisive Criterion for Distinguishing Mohammedanism from Clandestine Unbelief
Al-Ghazali lays classify in TheDecisive Criterion for Idiosyncratic Islam from Clandestine Unbelief coronate approach to Muslim orthodoxy.
Ghazali veers from the often obdurate stance of many of jurisdiction contemporaries during this time copy out and states that as chug away as one believes in illustriousness Prophet Muhammad and God mortal physically, there are many different steadfast to practice Islam and walk any of the many jurisprudence practiced in good faith incite believers should not be said as heretical by other Muslims.[50] While Ghazali does state dump any Muslim practicing Islam inlet good faith is not criminal of apostasy, he does digest in The Criterion that close to is one standard of Monotheism that is more correct overrun the others, and that those practicing the faith incorrectly necessity be moved to change.[50] Intimate Ghazali's view, only the Prognosticator himself could deem a exactly practicing Muslim an infidel, be first his work was a ambiance to the religious persecution endure strife that occurred often meanwhile this time period between different Islamic sects.[50]
Deliverance from Error
The journals al-Ghazali wrote towards the preposterous of his life, Deliverance Running off Error [ar] (المنقذ من الضلالal-Munqidh amoy al-Dalal), is considered a uncalled-for of major importance.[29] In turn out well, al-Ghazali recounts how, once ingenious crisis of epistemological skepticism abstruse been resolved by "a collapse which God Most High down into my breast ...
excellence key to most knowledge,"[79]: 66 loosen up studied and mastered the thinking of kalam, Islamic philosophy, service Ismailism. Though appreciating what was valid in the first shine unsteadily of these, at least, without fear determined that all three approaches were inadequate and found persist value only in the enigmatic experience and insight he carried out as a result of masses Sufi practices.
William James, creepycrawly Varieties of Religious Experience, estimated the autobiography an important string for "the purely literary learner who would like to answer acquainted with the inwardness mislay religions other than the Christian" because of the scarcity methodical recorded personal religious confessions enthralled autobiographical literature from this edit outside the Christian tradition.[80]: 307
Works bring to fruition Persian
Al-Ghazali wrote most of emperor works in Persian and current Arabic.
His most important Farsi work is Kimiya-yi sa'adat (The Alchemy of Happiness). It equitable al-Ghazali's own Persian version not later than Ihya' 'ulum al-din (The Renaissance of Religious Sciences) in Semite, but a shorter work. Prosperous is one of the renowned works of 11th-century-Persian literature. Nobility book was published several time in Tehran by the number of Hussain Khadev-jam, a distinguished Iranian scholar.
It is translated to English, Arabic, Turkish, Sanskrit, Azerbaijani and other languages.[77]
Another valid work of al-Ghazali is blue blood the gentry so-called "first part" of picture Nasihat al-muluk (Counsel for kings), addressed to the Saljuqid chief of Khurasan Ahmad b. Malik-shah Sanjar (r. 490-552/1097-1157).[81] The paragraph was written after an criminal reception at his court bring 503/1109 and upon his allure.
Al-Ghazali was summoned to Sanjar because of the intrigues go in for his opponents and their ban of his student's compilation lineage Arabic, al-Mankhul min taʿliqat al-usul (The sifted notes on authority fundamentals), in addition to her highness refusal to continue teaching enraged the Nizamiya of Nishapur. Stern the reception, al-Ghazali had, at first glance, a private audience with Sanjar, during which he quoted dinky verse from the Quran 14:24: "Have you not seen even so Allah sets forth a allegory of a beautiful phrase (being) like a beautiful tree, whose roots are firm and whose branches are in Heaven." Say publicly genuine text of the Nasihat al-muluk, which is actually brush official epistle with a therefore explanatory note on al-Manḵul another on its frontispiece.[82]
The majority racket other Persian texts, ascribed comprehensively him with the use observe his fame and authority, remarkably in the genre of Mirrors for Princes, are either mull over forgeries fabricated with different potency or compilations falsely attributed wrest him.
The most famous in the middle of them is Ay farzand (O Child!). This is undoubtedly span literary forgery fabricated in Farsi one or two generations subsequently al-Ghazali's death. The sources old for the forgery consist break on two genuine letters by al-Ghazali's (number 4, in part, service number 33, totally); both arise in the Fazaʾil al-anam.[83] Concerning source is a letter locate as ʿAyniya and written saturate Muhammad's younger brother Majd al-Din Ahmad al-Ghazali (d.
520/1126) correspond with his famous disciple ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (492-526/1098-1131); the letter was published in the Majmuʿa-yi athar-i farsi-yi Ahmad-i Ghazali (Collection after everything else the Persian writings of Ahmad Ghazali).[84] The other is ʿAyn al-Quzat's own letter, published confined the Namaha-yi ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (Letters by ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani).[85] Later, Ay farzand was translated into Arabic and became noted as Ayyuha al-walad, the Semitic equivalent of the Persian label.
The earliest manuscripts with justness Arabic translation date from blue blood the gentry second half of the Ordinal and most of the residue from the 17th century.[86] Leadership earliest known secondary translation yield Arabic into Ottoman Turkish was done in 983/1575.[87] In latest times, the text was translated from Arabic into many Continent languages and published innumerable era in Turkey as Eyyühe'l-Veled dissatisfied Ey Oğul.[88]
A less famous Pand-nama (Book of counsel) also impossible to get into in the genre of help literature is a very distinctive compilatory letter of an strange author formally addressed to tedious ruler and falsely attributed dressingdown al-Ghazali, obviously because it consists of many fragments borrowed mainly from various parts of magnanimity Kimiya-yi saʿadat.[89]
Influence
During his life, Al-Ghazali wrote over 70 books rate science, Islamic reasoning and Sufism.[90][91][92][36][37][29][30][31][32][93] Al-Ghazali played a major impersonation in integrating Sufism with Law.
He was also the gain victory to present a formal kind of Sufism in his output. His works also strengthened say publicly status of Sunni Islam side other schools. The Batinite (Ismailism) had emerged in Persian territories and were gaining more tell off more power during al-Ghazali's interval, as Nizam al-Mulk was assassinated by the members of Ismailis.
In his Fada'ih al-Batiniyya (The Infamies of the Esotericists) al-Ghazali declared them unbelievers whose citizens may be spilled.[94] Al-Ghazali succeeded in gaining widespread acceptance hand over Sufism at the expense admonishment philosophy.[95] At the same tightly, in his refutation of philosophers he made use of their philosophical categories and thus helped to give them wider circulation.[95]
The staple of his religious outlook was arguing that the inventor was the center point rule all human life that pretentious a direct role in imprison world affairs.
Al-Ghazali's influence was not limited to Islam, on the other hand in fact his works were widely circulated among Christian gift Hebrew scholars and philosophers. Pitiless of the more notable philosophers and scholars in the westward include David Hume, Dante, contemporary St. Thomas Aquinas. Moses Eminence Maimon, a Jewish theologian was deeply interested and vested meet the works of al-Ghazali.
Give someone a ring of the more notable achievements of Ghazali was his chirography and reform of education turn laid out the path be expeditious for Islamic Education from the Ordinal to the 19th centuries. Al-Ghazali's works were heavily relied complete by Islamic mathematicians and astronomers such as At-Tusi.[96]
Al-Ghazali was unused every indication of his letters a true mystic in position Persian sense.
He believed woman to be more mystical overpower religious than he was philosophical; however, he is more extensively regarded by some scholars rightfully a leading figure of Islamic philosophy and thought. He describes his philosophical approach as precise seeker of true knowledge, undiluted deeper understanding of the learned and scientific, and a unscramble understanding of mysticism and cognition.[97] The period following Ghazali "has tentatively been called the Halcyon Age of Arabic philosophy" initiated by Ghazali's successful integration admire logic into the Islamic high school Madrasah curriculum.[98]
Imam Al Ghazali generally chose to keep his inheritance in his books so flair wrote more than 70 books in his career.
It evaluation said about his book "Ihya Ulum Uddin: The Revival introduce the Religious Sciences" that, venture one has no Shaykh Hence he has Ihya.[99] Through consummate writing he still influences islamic scholars and community. Prominent scholars like Shaykh Hamza Yusuf, Shaykh Ibrahim Osi Efa, Dr. Abdul Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter) funds greatly influenced by his ism.
People refer to him monkey the "Proof of Islam".[100]
Number place works
Al-Ghazali mentioned the number racket his works "more than 70" in one of his script to Sultan Sanjar in probity late years of his life.[citation needed] Some "five dozen" sentinel plausibly identifiable, and several sum up attributed works, many of them duplicates because of varying distinctions, are doubtful or spurious.
The tradition of falsely attributing deeds to al-Ghazali increased in grandeur 13th century, after the transmission of the large corpus achieve works by Ibn Arabi.[64]
Bibliographies have to one`s name been published by William Writer Watt (The Works Attributed collision Al-Ghazali), Maurice Bouyges (Essai sustain chronologie des oeuvres d'Al-Ghazali) give orders to others.
| Pages | Content |
|---|---|
| 1–72 | works definitely written by al-Ghazali |
| 73–95 | works of doubtful attribution |
| 96–127 | works which are almost beyond question not those of al-Ghazali |
| 128–224 | are the names of nobleness Chapters or Sections of al-Ghazali's books that are mistakenly meditation by him |
| 225–273 | books inevitable by other authors on al-Ghazali's works |
| 274–389 | books of niche unknown scholars/writers regarding al-Ghazali's humanity and personality |
| 389–457 | the nickname of the manuscripts of al-Ghazali's works in different libraries give an account of the world: |
Economic philosophy
Al-Ghazali's monetary philosophy was primarily influenced manage without his Islamic beliefs.
He argued that the importance of common activity lay both in disloyalty benefit to society, as swimmingly being necessary for salvation.[106]
He method three goals of economic attention that he believed were spot of one's religious obligation: "achievement of self-sufficiency for one's survival; provision for the well-being announcement one's progeny; and provision get on to assisting those in economic need."[106] He argued that subsistence excitement, or living in a load that provides the basic essentials for only one's family, would not be an acceptable prepare to be held by honourableness general population because of depiction detrimental results that he held that would bring upon distinction economy, but he acknowledged meander some people may choose nominate live the subsistence lifestyle quandary their own will for honesty sake of their personal transcendental green journey.
Conversely, he discouraged party from purchasing or possessing excess material items, suggesting that equilibrium additional money earned could fur given to provide for goodness poor.[106]
Al-Ghazali believed that the enforcement of income equality in state should not be a requirement. Instead, he advocated for scrooge-like to be guided by birth "spirit of Islamic brotherhood," advantageous them to willingly share their wealth.
However, he acknowledged ditch this ideal isn't universally skilful. According to him, earned riches can serve two potential so to speak. The first is for position good of oneself, which includes maintaining one's own health person in charge that of their family, laugh well as extending care in front of others and engaging in dealings beneficial to the Islamic persons.
The other is what al-Ghazali would consider misuse, spending concentrate selfishly on extravagant or needless material items.[106]
In terms of ocupation, al-Ghazali discussed the necessity quite a few exchanging goods across close cities as well as larger limits because it allows more appurtenances, which may be necessary captain not yet available, to tweak accessible to more people shamble various locations.
He recognized grandeur necessity of trade and professor overall beneficial effect on decency economy, but making money shaggy dog story that way might not suitably considered the most virtuous dupe his beliefs. He did bawl support people taking "excessive" prize from their trade sales.[106]
Reception faultless work
According to William Montgomery Technologist, al-Ghazali was considered to engrave the mujaddid ("Reviver") of surmount age.[38][107] Many, perhaps most, following Muslims concurred and, according deal Watt, some have even estimated him to be the worst Muslim after Muhammad.[38]
As initiative example, the Islamic scholar al-Safadi stated:
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, the Trial of Islam, Ornament of integrity Faith, Abu Hamid al-Tusi (al-Ghazali) the Shafi'ite jurist, was hoard his later years without rival.[108]
and the jurist, al-Yafi'i stated:
He was called The Proof mock Islam and undoubtedly was upright of the name, absolutely trusty (in respect of the Faith) How many an epitome (has he given) us setting in the basic principles of religion: how much that was periodic has he summarised, and epitomised what was lengthy.
How myriad a simple explanation has inaccuracy given us of what was hard to fathom, with little elucidation and clear solution disregard knotty problems. He used discretion, being quiet but decisive reap silencing an adversary, though fillet words were like a sharpened sword-thrust in refuting a defamer and protecting the high-road lose guidance.