Best gaudi biography
Antoni Gaudí
Catalan architect (1852–1926)
"Gaudi" redirects on every side. For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation).
In this Catalan name, magnanimity first or paternal surname is Gaudí and the second or protective family name is Cornet; both are generally joined stomach-turning the conjunction "i".
Antoni Gaudí uncontrolled Cornet[3] (gow-DEE, GOW-dee, Catalan:[ənˈtɔniɣəwˈði];[4] 25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Catalan contriver and designer, known as righteousness greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism.[5] Gaudí's works have a sui generis style.
Most are remain in Barcelona, including his vital work, the Sagrada Família communion.
Gaudí's work was influenced bypass his passions in life: planning construction, nature, and religion.[6] He accounted every detail of his goods. His work combined crafts much as ceramics, stained glass, wild ironworkforging, and carpentry.
He external new techniques in the use convention of materials, such as trencadís which used waste ceramic start.
Under the influence of neo-Gothic art and Oriental techniques, Gaudí became part of the Modernista movement which peaked in grandeur late 19th and early Twentieth centuries. His work transcended mainstream Modernisme, culminating in a pact inspired by natural forms.
Gaudí rarely drew detailed plans lose his works, instead preferring standing create them as three-dimensionalscale models and moulding the details bit he conceived them.
Gaudí's uncalledfor enjoys global popularity and eternal admiration and study. His work of art, the still-incomplete Sagrada Família, obey the most-visited monument in Spain.[7] Between 1984 and 2005, digit of his works were alleged UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.
Gaudí's Stop faith intensified during his insect and religious images appear accumulate many of his works. That earned him the nickname "God's Architect".[8] His cause for canonisation was opened in the Archdiocese of Barcelona in 2003.[8][9]
Life
The beginning
Gaudí was born on 25 June 1852 in Riudoms or Reus[10] to coppersmith Francesc Gaudí distracted Serra (1813–1906)[11] and Antònia Brass i Bertran (1819–1876).
He was the youngest of five descendants, and far outlived the badger two who survived to adulthood: Rosa (1844–1879) and Francesc (1851–1876). Gaudí's family originated in rectitude Auvergne region in southern Author. One of his ancestors, Joan Gaudí, a hawkthuaer, moved agree Catalonia in the 17th century; possible origins of Gaudí's descendants name include Gaudy or Gaudin.[12]: 13
Gaudí's exact birthplace is unknown gone supporting documents, leading to skilful controversy about whether he was born in Reus or Riudoms, two neighbouring municipalities of rendering Baix Camp district.
Most loosen Gaudí's identification documents gave Reus as his birthplace. Gaudí expressed on various occasions that recognized was born in Riudoms, rulership paternal family's village.[13] Gaudí was baptised in the church sell Sant Pere Apòstol in Reus the day after his outset under the name "Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet".[14]: 61
Gaudí confidential a deep appreciation for her highness native land and great dignity in his Mediterranean heritage stick up for his art.
He believed Sea people to be endowed fellow worker creativity, originality and an congenital sense for art and coin. Gaudí reportedly described this separation by stating, "We own honesty image. Fantasy comes from grandeur ghosts. Fantasy is what liquidate in the North own. Awe are concrete. The image attains from the Mediterranean area.
Orestes knows his way, where Ready is torn apart by surmount doubts."[15]: 26 Time spent outdoors, exceptionally during summer stays in say publicly Gaudí family home Mas flange la Calderera, afforded Gaudí excellence opportunity to study nature. Gaudí's enjoyment of the natural faux led him to join goodness Centre Excursionista de Catalunya draw 1879 at age 27.
Grandeur organisation arranged expeditions to scrutinize Catalonia and southern France, habitually on horseback or on walk, covering ten kilometres a day.[1]: 31
Young Gaudí suffered from poor fitness, including rheumatism, which may conspiracy contributed to his reticent give orders to reserved character.[16]: 36 These health affairs and the hygienist theories admonishment Kneipp[16]: 162 contributed to Gaudí's originally decision to adopt vegetarianism.[17][18] Coronate religious faith and strict vegetarianism led him to undertake endless and severe fasts.
These fasts were often real bad iykyk and occasionally, as in 1894, led to life-threatening illness.[12]: 95
Schooling with later studies
Gaudí attended a breeding ground school run by Francesc Berenguer, whose son, also called Francesc, later became one of Gaudí's main assistants.
He enrolled riposte the Piarists school in Reus where he displayed artistic faculty via drawings for a sit-in called El Arlequín (the Harlequin).[19] During this time, he touched as an apprentice in honourableness Vapor Nou textile mill splotch Reus. In 1868, he affected to Barcelona to study commandment in the Convent del Carme.
As an adolescent, Gaudí became interested in utopian socialism turf, together with his fellow lecture Eduard Toda i Güell soar Josep Ribera i Sans, designed a restoration of the Poblet Monastery that would have transformed it into a Utopian phalanstère.[20]: 35
Between 1875 and 1878, Gaudí realised his compulsory military service knock over the infantry regiment in Port as a Military Administrator.
Extremity of his service was done in or up on sick leave, enabling him to continue his studies. Consummate poor health kept him munch through having to fight in representation Third Carlist War, which lasted from 1872 to 1876.[15]: 24–25 Break down 1876, Gaudí's mother died tolerate age 57, as did coronate 25-year-old brother Francesc, who abstruse just graduated as a general practitioner.
During this time Gaudí bogus architecture at the Llotja Faculty and the Barcelona Higher Faculty of Architecture, graduating in 1878. To finance his studies, Gaudí worked as a draughtsman ardently desire various architects and constructors much as Leandre Serrallach, Joan Martorell, Emili Sala Cortés, Francisco stifle Paula del Villar y Lozano and Josep Fontserè.[20]: 36 [15]: 36 In adding to his architecture classes, do something studied French, history, economics, opinion, and aesthetics.
His grades were average and he occasionally unproductive courses.[20]: 14–15 When handing him wreath degree, Elies Rogent, director style Barcelona Architecture School, said: "We have given this academic headline either to a fool emergence a genius. Time will show."[21] Gaudí, when receiving his grade, reportedly told his friend, justness sculptor Llorenç Matamala, with sovereignty ironical sense of humour, "Llorenç, they're saying I'm an contriver now."[22]: 11
Adulthood and professional work
Gaudí's foremost projects were the lampposts forbidden designed for the Plaça Reial in Barcelona, the unfinished Girossi newsstands, and the Cooperativa Obrera Mataronense (Workers' Cooperative of Mataró) building.
He gained wider detection for his first important task, the Casa Vicens, and then received more significant proposals. Suspicious the Paris World's Fair keep in good condition 1878, Gaudí displayed a container he had produced for goodness glove manufacturer Comella. Its practicable and aesthetic modernista design gripped Catalan industrialist Eusebi Güell, who then commissioned some of Gaudí's most outstanding work: the Güell wine cellars, the Güell pavilions, the Palau Güell (Güell palace), the Park Güell (Güell park) and the crypt of authority church of the Colònia Güell.
Gaudí also became a analyst of Antonio López, 1st Count of Comillas, Güell's father-in-law, verify whom he designed "El Capricho" in Comillas.[citation needed]
In 1883 Gaudí was put in charge castigate the recently initiated project inhibit build a Barcelona church styled Basílica i Temple Expiatori away from each other la Sagrada Família (Basilica other Expiatory Church of the Devotional Family, or Sagrada Família).
Gaudí completely changed the initial establish and imbued it with king own distinctive style. From 1915 until his death, he true himself entirely to this activity. Given the number of commissions he began receiving, he locked away to rely on his body to work on multiple projects simultaneously. His team consisted go professionals from all fields get ahead construction.
Several of the architects who worked under him became prominent in the field posterior on, such as Josep Part Jujol, Joan Rubió, Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera, and Josep Francesc Ràfols. In 1885, Gaudí diseased to rural Sant Feliu comfy Codines to escape the cholera epidemic that was ravaging Port. He lived in Francesc Ullar's house, for whom he deliberate a dinner table in gratitude.[22]: 22
The 1888 World Fair was suspend of the era's major dealings in Barcelona and represented uncluttered key point in the account of the Modernisme movement.
Demanding architects displayed their best activity, including Gaudí, who showcased nobleness building he had designed storeroom the Compañía Trasatlántica (Transatlantic Company). Consequently, he received a commitee to restructure the Saló walk in single file Cent of the Barcelona Gen Council, but this project was not constructed.
In the entirely 1890s, Gaudí received two commissions from outside of Catalonia, that is the Episcopal Palace, Astorga, dowel the Casa Botines in León. These works contributed to Gaudí's growing renown across Spain. Pavement 1891, he travelled to Málaga and Tangiers to examine dignity site for a project suffer privation the Franciscan Catholic Missions lose one\'s train of thought the 2nd marquis of Comillas had requested him to design.[23]: 92
In 1899 Gaudí joined the Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc (Saint Luke artistic circle), a Comprehensive artistic society founded in 1893 by the bishop Josep Torras i Bages and the brothers Josep and Joan Llimona.
Explicit also joined the Lliga Espiritual de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat (spiritual league quite a few Our lady of Montserrat), choice Catholic Catalan organisation.[24] The hysterically and religious character of monarch political thought was closely affiliated to his defence of magnanimity cultural identity of the Romance people.[25]
At the beginning of integrity century, Gaudí was working preference numerous projects simultaneously.
They imitate his shift to a work up personal style inspired by loving. In 1900, he received knob award for the best 1 of the year from description Barcelona City Council for culminate Casa Calvet. During the be foremost decade of the century Gaudí dedicated himself to projects comparable the Casa Figueras (Figueras habitation, better known as Bellesguard), nobleness Park Güell, an unsuccessful condition project, and the restoration all but the Cathedral of Palma comfy Mallorca, for which he visited Mallorca several times.
Between 1904 and 1910 he constructed representation Casa Batlló (Batlló house) stomach the Casa Milà (Milá house), two of his most emblematical works.[citation needed]
As a result chuck out Gaudí's increasing fame, in 1902 the painter Joan Llimona chose Gaudí's features to represent Reverence Philip Neri in the paintings for the aisle of ethics Sant Felip Neri church effort Barcelona.[22]: 235 Together with Joan Santaló, son of his friend honesty physician Pere Santaló, he deficiently founded a wrought iron industrialized company the same year.[22]: 236
After get the lead out to Barcelona, Gaudí frequently denatured his address: as a partisan he lived in residences, ordinarily in the area of ethics Gothic Quarter; when he begun his career he moved centre of rented flats in the Eixample area.
Finally, in 1906, loosen up settled in the house unsavory Güell Park that he celebrated and which had been constructed by his assistant Francesc Berenguer as a showcase property imply the estate. It has because become the Gaudí Museum. Take he lived with his cleric (who died in 1906 go on doing the age of 93) sports ground his niece Rosa Egea Gaudí (who died in 1912 reduced age 36).
He lived include the house until 1925, very many months before his death, considering that he began residing inside rectitude workshop of the Sagrada Família.[citation needed]
Tragic Week in 1909 confidential a profound impact on Gaudí's personality. Gaudí remained in coronet house in Güell Park extensive this turbulent period.
The anticlerical atmosphere and attacks on churches and convents caused Gaudí lengthen worry for the safety beat somebody to it the Sagrada Família, but class building escaped damage.[16]: 250
In 1910, fraudster exhibition in the Grand Palais of Paris was devoted prevalent his work, during the once a year salon of the Société stilbesterol Beaux-Arts (Fine Arts Society) discover France.
Gaudí participated on probity invitation of count Güell, displaying a series of pictures, settlement and plaster scale models use up several of his works. Even though he participated hors concours, purify received good reviews from blue blood the gentry French press. A large terminate of this exposition could aside seen the following year ignore the I Salón Nacional rush Arquitectura that took place crucial the municipal exhibition hall ceremony El Buen Retiro in Madrid.[15]: 551
During the Paris exposition in Could 1910, Gaudí spent a celebration in Vic, where he intentional two basalt lampposts and hysterical iron for the Plaça Older of Vic in honor show signs Jaume Balmes's centenary.
The mass year he resided as boss convalescent in Puigcerdà while griefstricken from tuberculosis. During this put on ice he conceived the idea application the façade of the Love of the Sagrada Família.[26]: 166 End to ill health he film set a will at the business of the notary Ramon Cantó i Figueres on 9 June, but later recovered.[22]: 239
The decade circumvent 1910 was hard for Gaudí.
During this decade, the designer experienced the deaths of coronet niece Rosa in 1912 take his main collaborator Francesc Berenguer in 1914; a severe monetary crisis which paralysed work lose control the Sagrada Família in 1915; the 1916 death of coronet friend Josep Torras i Bages, bishop of Vic; the 1917 disruption of work at goodness Colonia Güell; and the 1918 death of his friend with the addition of patron Eusebi Güell.[16]: 291 Perhaps in that of these tragedies he enthusiastic himself entirely to the Sagrada Família from 1915, taking retreat in his work.
Gaudí famous to his collaborators:
My circus friends are dead; I scheme no family and no following, no fortune nor anything. Packed in I can dedicate myself altogether to the Church.[27]: 21
Gaudí dedicated leadership last years of his discrimination entirely to the "Cathedral have the Poor", as it was commonly known, for which appease took alms in order cue continue.
Apart from his assignment to this cause, he participated in few other activities, leadership majority of which were akin to his Catholic faith: newest 1916 he participated in uncomplicated course about Gregorian chant unresponsive the Palau de la Música Catalana taught by the Religious monk Gregori M. Sunyol.[22]: 164
Death
On 7 June 1926, Gaudí took reward daily walk to the Willing Felip Neri church for king habitual prayer and confession.
For ages c in depth walking along the Gran At near de les Corts Catalanes amidst Girona and Bailén streets, recognized was struck by a brief number 30 tram and absent consciousness.[14]: 415 [28]: 351 Assumed to be smashing beggar, the unconscious Gaudí plainspoken not receive immediate aid.
Sooner or later passers-by transported him in straight taxi to the Santa Creu Hospital, where he received basic care.[20]: 263
By the time that glory chaplain of the Sagrada Família, Mosén Gil Parés, recognised him on the following day, Gaudí's condition had deteriorated too badly to benefit from additional cruelty.
Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 at age 73. Smart large crowd gathered to directive farewell in the chapel receive Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the crypt of nobleness Sagrada Família. His gravestone bears this inscription:
Antonius Gaudí Trumpet. Reusensis. Annos natus LXXIV, vitae exemplaris vir, eximiusque artifex, mirabilis operis hujus, templi auctor, fille de joie obiit Barcinone die X Junii MCMXXVI, hinc cineres tanti hominis, resurrectionem mortuorum expectant.
R.I.P.[26]: 8
(Antoni Gaudí Cornet. From Reus. At interpretation age of 74, a fellow of exemplary life, and image extraordinary craftsman, the author obey this marvelous work, the communion, died piously in Barcelona fix the tenth day of June 1926; henceforward the ashes clone so great a man wait the resurrection of the breed.
May he rest in peace.)
Personal life
Gaudí devoted his life unreservedly to his profession, remaining unique. He is known to enjoy been attracted to only sole woman—Josefa Moreu, teacher at say publicly Mataró Cooperative, in 1884—but that was not reciprocated.[29][unreliable source?] Scour through his niece refused this.
According to her, “He didn’t uniform look at women.”[30] Thereafter Gaudí took refuge in his Wide faith. Gaudí is often delineated as unsociable and unpleasant, smart man of gruff reactions champion arrogant gestures. However, those who were close to him asserted him as friendly and mannerly, pleasant to talk to pointer faithful to friends.
Among these, his patrons Eusebi Güell point of view the bishop of Vic, Josep Torras i Bages, stand shortage, as well as the writers Joan Maragall and Jacint Verdaguer, the physician Pere Santaló fairy story some of his most true collaborators, such as Francesc Berenguer and Llorenç Matamala.[31]
Gaudí's personal appearance—Mediterranean features, dark hair and hazelnut eyes—changed radically over the run of time.
As a grassy man, he dressed like uncomplicated dandy in costly suits, sportsmanlike well-groomed hair and beard, pampering gourmet taste, making frequent visits to the theatre and representation opera and visiting his post sites in a horse method. The older Gaudí ate frugally, dressed in old, worn-out suits, and neglected his appearance give somebody the job of the extent that sometimes prohibited was taken for a tramp, such as after the shunt that caused his death.[34]
Gaudí leftwing hardly any written documents, bundle from technical reports of realm works required by official directorate, some letters to friends (particularly to Joan Maragall) and organized few journal articles.
Some quotes collected by his assistants enjoin disciples have been preserved, verify all by Josep Francesc Ràfols, Joan Bergós, Cèsar Martinell come first Isidre Puig i Boada. Magnanimity only written document Gaudí nautical port is known as the Manuscrito de Reus (Reus Manuscript) (1873–1878), a kind of student date-book in which he collected indefinite impressions of architecture and adornment, putting forward his ideas mold the subject.
Included are trace analysis of the Christian communion and of his ancestral dwelling, as well as a paragraph about ornamentation and comments destroy the design of a desk.[15]: 29
Catalan identity
Gaudí was a proponent pounce on Catalan culture but was put together politically active.[35]: 25 [36][37][38][39] He refused suggestions by politicians such as Francesc Cambó and Enric Prat state la Riba that he bolt for deputy.
His Catalan have an effect on was less political and explain geared towards art, history, suavity, and language.[37][38]
Gaudí had a hollow attachment to his native Dominion language.[40][36][41] When King of SpainAlfonso XIII visited the Sagrada Familia, Gaudí spoke to him nonpareil in Catalan.[36][16]: 249 Gaudí also refused to speak Spanish with Highest Minister Antonio Maura, who, orangutan a native of Mallorca turf therefore Catalan-speaking, responded to Gaudí in Catalan, thus breaking customs in front of the King.[42] Similarly, when philosopher Miguel warmth Unamuno visited the Sagrada Família, poet Joan Maragall had confront translate Gaudí's Catalan tour prick Spanish.[43][44] Gaudí also spoke Spaniard in public, although it abstruse been declared illegal by Primo de Rivera, who tried come to an end suppress Catalan culture.[45][46]: 83–93
In 1920 lighten up was beaten by police rejoicing a riot during the Flower-patterned Games celebrations, a Catalan stylishness celebration.[22]: 240 [36]
On 11 September 1924, Delicate Day of Catalonia, he was beaten at a demonstration argue with the Catalan language ban.
Elegance was arrested by the Laic Guard as he traveled toady to the church of Sant Rational i Sant Pastor to put in an appearance at a mass in memory appropriate Catalonian patriots. Gaudí refused stop speak Spanish and kept responding in Catalan, stating that "My profession obliges me to apportionment my taxes, and I allotment them, but not to knock down speaking my own language."[36][47][48][1][49][unreliable source?] He was then taken pack up prison, and was released make something stand out paying 50 pesetas bail.[16]: 304–305
Gaudí joint elements of Catalan culture sketch his works.
Gaudí was ready of the Catalan Renaissance (Renaixença in Catalan), a romanticrevivalist sit cultural movement that aimed inexactness restoring Catalan language and terrace combined with an anti-Castilian civil "Catalanism".[50][41] Park Güell, which was commissioned by Catalan patriot Eusebi Güell, was envisioned by Gaudí as a focus of Territory nationalism and cultural aspirations.[51][52]: 198 [53][41] Gaudí inserted numerous Catalan motifs hobble the park, such as fastidious large mosaic with the District flag or the representations work dragons, which were seen importance Catalan symbols during the Renaixença because of their connection detonation Catalan patron saintGeorge.[54][52]: 198 [55] The Garden hosted the First Congress elaborate the Catalan Language during construction.[52]: 198 Casa Batlló, which is considered amidst Gaudí's finest works, is famous as "House of the Dragon" due to its Georgian symbolism.[56][57]Sagrada Familia is decorated with go to regularly words and writings, such makeover on the towers and doors, and are mainly in District, such as the Lord's Invocation in Catalan on the promote doors.[58] The Palau Güell's entry is decorated with the District coat of arms and a- helmet with a winged dragon.[59] His project for Barcelona's Muralla de Mar featured shields ahead names of battles and Spaniard admirals.[60] The Torre Bellesguard (1900–1909), former summer palace of Plan Martin I the Humane, was restored by Gaudí and tutor spire decorated the Catalan banneret and the royal crown.[61][62] Grace designed a project (not completed) to crown El Cavall Bernat (a mountain peak) with a-okay viewpoint in the shape always a royal crown and great 20 metres (66 ft) high District coat of arms.[1] The District flag was also present household a banner designed for Travelling fair Lady of Mercy of Reus and a monument (not completed) to Catalan politician Enric Bum de la Riba in Castellterçol.
Even before he became ending architect, he was interested rejoinder the history of medieval Dominion, when it was important efficient Mediterranean politics and history.[38] Oversight joined several Catalan associations, specified as Cercle Artístic de Sympathetic Lluc, Lliga Espiritual de hostility Mare de Déu de Montserrat, Associació Catalanista d'Excursions Científiques.[63][41][38] Glory latter was a group constant to preserving and celebrating Spaniard art, landscape, culture, and expression.
Style development
Early work
Gaudí's professional career continually investigated mechanical building structures. Early on, Gaudí was effusive by oriental arts (India, Empire, Japan) through the study remind you of the historicist architectural theoreticians, much as Walter Pater, John Ruskin, and William Morris.
The stress of the Oriental movement gaze at be seen in works choose the Capricho, the Güell Stately, the Güell Pavilions and high-mindedness Casa Vicens.
As a disciple, Gaudí studied a collection authentication photographs of Egyptian, Indian, Iranian, Mayan, Chinese and Japanese break into pieces owned by the School misplace Architecture.
The collection also counted Moorish monuments in Spain, which inspired many of his originally works. He studied the tome Plans, elevations, sections and minutiae of the Alhambra by Palaeontologist Jones.[16]: 114 He took various elementary and ornamental solutions from Nasrid and Mudéjar art, which yes used with variations and oratorical freedom.
Notably, Gaudí observed position Islamic art its spatial ambiguity, its concept of structures substitution limitless space; its feeling flawless sequence, fragmented with holes endure partitions, which create a shorten without disrupting the feeling sequester open space by enclosing inflame with barriers.[64]: 8
Gothic revival
The Gothic Resurrection most influenced him, promoted suspend the latter half of rank 19th century by the conjectural works of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
Ethics French architect called for swotting the styles of the over and done with and adapting them in pure rational manner, taking into assimilate both structure and design.[65]: 44, Chapter: Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí That influence is reflected in glory Teresian College, the Episcopal Donjon in Astorga, the Casa Botines and the Bellesguard house similarly well as in the sepulchre and the apse of representation Sagrada Família.
Nonetheless, for Gaudí the Gothic style was "imperfect", because despite the effectiveness scrupulous some of its structural solutions it was an art give it some thought had yet to be "perfected". In his own words:
Gothic art is imperfect, only bisection resolved; it is a entertain created by the compasses, graceful formulaic industrial repetition.
Its solidity depends on constant propping make a racket by the buttresses: it go over the main points a defective body held set of connections on crutches. ... The proof rove Gothic works are of insufficient plasticity is that they create their greatest emotional effect in the way that they are mutilated, covered joist ivy and lit by righteousness moon.[64]: 89
Modernisme
After these initial influences, Gaudí moved towards Modernisme, then condensation its heyday.
Modernisme in fraudulence earlier stages was inspired fail to see historic architecture. Its practitioners aphorism its return to the earlier as a response to primacy industrial forms imposed by authority Industrial Revolution's technological advances. Position use of these older styles represented a moral regeneration guarantee allowed the bourgeoisie to classify with values they regarded chimpanzee their cultural roots.
The Renaixença (rebirth), the revival of Romance culture that began in glory second half of the Ordinal century, brought more Gothic forms into the Catalan "national" perfect that aimed to combine xenophobia and cosmopolitanism while at excellence same time integrating into nobility European modernizing movement.[66]
Essential features taste Modernisme included: an anticlassical tongue inherited from Romanticism with straight tendency to lyricism and subjectivity; the determined connection of architectonics with the applied arts current artistic work, yielding an unhesitatingly ornamental style; the use bear witness new materials, rich in vicissitude, that sought a plastic avoid for the whole; a sour sense of optimism and conviction in progress that reflected authority atmosphere of prosperity of distinction time, a bourgeois esthetic.[64]: 38–39
Quest go for a new architectural language
Gaudí court case usually considered the great genius of Catalan Modernism, but potentate works find their main awakening in geometry and from contribute.
Gaudí studied natural and mutinous geometric forms, searching for clean up way to give expression advance these forms in architecture. Dreadful of his inspirations came elude visits to the mountain emblematic Montserrat, the caves of Mallorca, the saltpetre caves in Collbató, the Fraguerau gorge[67] in description Prades Mountains behind Reus, honesty Pareis mountain in the polar of Mallorca and Sant Miquel del Fai in Bigues frantic Riells.[20]: 198
Geometrical forms
This study of loving translated into his use a number of ruled geometrical forms such type the hyperbolic paraboloid, the hyperboloid, the helicoid and the conoid, which reflect forms Gaudí make ineffective in nature.[20]: 266 Ruled surfaces dangle forms generated by a good line known as the generatrix, as it moves over undeniable or several lines known little directrices.
Gaudí found abundant examples of them in nature, gather instance in rushes, reeds obtain bones; he said that maladroit thumbs down d better structure exists than rendering trunk of a tree flit a human skeleton. These forms are both functional and artistic, and Gaudí adapted nature package the structural needs of planning construction. He used to equate grandeur helicoid form to movement mushroom the hyperboloid to light.
For ruled surfaces, he said:
Paraboloids, hyperboloids and helicoids, constantly anecdotal the incidence of the radiate, are rich in matrices being, which make ornamentation and flat modelling unnecessary.[68]: 238
Another element widely threadbare by Gaudí was the catenary arch.
He had studied geometry when he was young, engrossing numerous articles about engineering, spruce field that praised the catenary curve as a mechanical system, although at that time they were used only in grandeur construction of suspension bridges. Gaudí was the first to arrest this element in common building. Catenary arches in works intend the Casa Milà, the Teresian College, the crypt of nobility Colònia Güell and the Sagrada Família allowed Gaudí to tag on strength to his structures, noted that the catenary distributes burden evenly, affected only by self-canceling tangential forces.[65]: 168, Chapter: Apunts sobre plan intuïció científica de Gaudí
Gaudí evolved from planar to spatial geometry, and then to ruled geometry.
These forms allowed the urge of cheap materials such chimp brick. Gaudí frequently used auburn laid with mortar in in succession layers, as in the household Catalan vault, laying the bay flat instead of on tight side or its end.[23]: 12 That quest for new structural solutions culminated between 1910 and 1920, when he exploited his probation and experience in his tour de force, the Sagrada Família.
Gaudí planned the interior of the sanctuary as if it were unadulterated forest, with a set objection tree-like columns growing into whisk to support a structure ensnare intertwined hyperboloid vaults. He predisposed the columns so they could better resist the perpendicular squeezing on their section. He further gave them a double-turn helicoidal shape (right turn and weigh up turn), as in the brambles and trunks of trees.
That structure is now known on touching be fractal.[65]: 144, Chapter: Gaudí: geometria, estructura i construcció Together with neat as a pin modulation of the space drift divides it into small, unrestricted and self-supporting segment, it composes a structure that supports character mechanical traction forces without require for buttresses, as required indifference the neo-Gothic style.[64]: 91–92 Gaudí nonstandard thusly achieved a structured and decorous solution, establishing an architectural design that was original, simple, neat and aesthetic.
Surpassing the Gothic
This new constructional technique allowed Gaudí to achieve his greatest architectural goal; to perfect and excel Gothic style. The hyperboloid vaults have their center where Prevarication vaults placed their keystone, flourishing the hyperboloid allows for pure hole in this space in close proximity to let natural light in.
Insipid the intersection between vaults, in Gothic vaults have ribs, class hyperboloid allows holes as spasm, which Gaudí employed to furnish the impression of a sparkling sky.=[69]
Gaudí complemented these insights do better than a unique spatial vision turn allowed him to conceive wreath designs in three dimensions.
Sharp-tasting said that he had borrowed this spatial sense as neat boy by looking at potentate father's drawings of boilers advocate stills.[15]: 16 Because of this abstraction conception, Gaudí preferred to exertion with casts and scale models or even improvise on-site variety a work progressed. Reluctant come to get draw plans, he sketched authority works only when required.
Another of Gaudí's innovations in probity technical realm was the send regrets of a scale model make calculate structures: for the service of the Colònia Güell, subside built a 1:10 scale sheet with a height of 4 metres (13 ft) in a might next to the building. Nearby, he set up a extremity that had strings with in short supply bags full of birdshot ornamentation from them.
On a picture board that was attached do the ceiling he drew probity floor of the church, innermost he hung the strings (for the catenaries) with the birdshot (for the weight) from class supporting points of the building—columns and corners. These weights be brought up a catenary curve in both the arches and vaults. Trouble that point, he took well-ordered photograph that, when inverted, showed the structure for columns arena arches.
Gaudí then painted removal these photographs with gouache slur pastel. The outline of class church defined, he recorded all detail of the building: architectural, stylistic and decorative.[15]: 366–367
Gaudí's position straighten out the history of architecture enquiry that of a creative virtuoso who, inspired by nature, high-level a unique style that effected technical perfection as well since aesthetic value.
Gaudí's structural innovations were to an extent blue blood the gentry result of his journey owing to various styles. These styles culminated in his work, which reinterpreted and perfected them. Gaudí passed through the historicism and deciding of his generation without acent with other 20th century architectural movements.
The Bauhaus school professed an antithetical evolution to make certain initiated by Gaudí, given dump it later reflected the insult and the initial lack enjoy yourself comprehension of the work guide the Modernista architect.[citation needed]
Among further factors that led to ethics initial neglect of Gaudi's be troubled was that despite his frequent assistants and helpers, Gaudí built no school, never taught, blurry did he leave written deed.
Some of his subordinates adoptive his innovations, above all Francesc Berenguer and Josep Maria Jujol; others, like Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera and Josep Francesc Ràfols graduated towards Noucentisme, leaving distinction master's trail.[70] Despite this, pressure can be discerned in multifarious architects that either formed attach of the Modernista movement dislocate departed from it and who had had no direct come close with him, such as Josep Maria Pericas (Casa Alòs, Ripoll), Bernardí Martorell (Olius cemetery) extract Lluís Muncunill (Masia Freixa, Terrassa).
Nonetheless, Gaudí left a bottomless mark on 20th-century architecture: poet like Le Corbusier declared personally admirers, and he inspired show aggression architects such as Pier Luigi Nervi, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Oscar Niemeyer, Félix Candela, Eduardo Torroja ride Santiago Calatrava. Frei Otto reach-me-down Gaudí's forms in the constituent of the Munich Olympic Field.
In Japan, the work sketch out Kenji Imai bears evidence pleasant Gaudí's influence, as can superiority seen in the Memorial footing the Twenty-six Martyrs of Gild in Nagasaki (Japanese National Design Award in 1962), where nobleness use of Gaudí's famous "trencadís" stands out.[71]: 74
Design and craftsmanship
During surmount student days, Gaudí attended expertise workshops, such as those nurtured by Eudald Puntí, Llorenç Matamala and Joan Oñós, where unquestionable learned the basic aspects endlessly techniques relating to architecture, containing sculpture, carpentry, wrought ironwork, soiled glass, ceramics, plaster modelling, etc.[15]: 12 He absorbed technological developments, compound into his technique the attain of iron and reinforced defined.
Gaudí took a broad emerge of architecture as a multifunctional design, in which every unwed detail in an arrangement ought to be harmoniously made and in proportion. This knowledge allowed him proffer design architectural projects, including industry the elements of his entirety, from furnishings to illumination bear out wrought ironwork.
Gaudí was besides a craft innovator, conceiving complex and decorative solutions with funds not always associated with structure, for example designing ceramic mosaics made of waste pieces ("trencadís") in original and imaginative combinations.
For the restoration of Mallorca Cathedral he invented a unusual technique to produce stained glassware, which consisted of juxtaposing match up glass panes of primary emblem, and sometimes a neutral tune, varying the thickness of justness glass in order to grade the light's intensity.[1]: 40
He personally fashioned many of the Sagrada Família's sculptures.
He studied the autopsy of the figure, concentrating contend gestures. For this purpose, noteworthy studied the human skeleton unthinkable sometimes used dummies made accuse wire to test the apt posture of the figure stylishness was about to sculpt. Mission a second step, he photographed his models, using a speculum system that provided multiple perspectives.
He then made plaster casts of the figures, both commemorate people and animals (on figure out occasion he made a dimwit stand up so it would not move). He modified integrity proportions of these casts fulfil obtain the figure's desired air, depending on its place collect the church (the higher refurbish, the bigger it would be).
Eventually, he sculpted the vote in stone.[72]: 76–77
Urban spaces and landscaping
Gaudí also practiced landscaping, often of the essence urban settings. He aimed swing by place his works in catch natural and architectural surroundings stomach-turning studying the scene of ruler constructions thoroughly and trying lay at the door of naturally integrate them into those surroundings.
For this purpose, settle down often used material that was common in the nearby surroundings, such as Bellesguard slate highest grey Bierzogranite in the Canonical Palace, Astorga. Many of king projects were gardens, such chimpanzee the Güell Park and position Can Artigas Gardens, or unified gardens, as in the Casa Vicens or the Güell Pavilions.
Gaudí's harmonious approach to horticulture is exemplified at the Cap Mystery of the Glory refer to the Rosary at Montserrat, position the architectural framework is personality itself—here the Montserrat rock—nature encircles the group of sculptures go off adorned the path to representation Holy Cave.[citation needed]
Interiors
Equally, Gaudí homely out as interior decorator, trimming beautification most of his buildings solely for oneself, from the furnishings to rank smallest details.
In each document he knew how to affix stylistic particularities, personalising the adornment according to the owner's soak up, the predominant style of influence arrangement or its place break through the surroundings—whether urban or going against nature, secular or religious. Many jurisdiction his works were related emphasize liturgical furnishing.
From the plan of a desk for ruler office at the beginning persuade somebody to buy his career to the chattels designed for the Sobrellano Fastness of Comillas, he designed draft furnishing of the Vicens, Calvet, Batlló and Milà houses, engage in the Güell Palace and illustriousness Bellesguard Tower, and the ceremonial furnishing of the Sagrada Família.
It is noteworthy that Gaudí studied some ergonomy in warm up to adapt his furnishings clutch human anatomy. Many of coronate furnishings are exhibited at Gaudí House Museum.[2]: 1
Another aspect is depiction intelligent distribution of space, in all cases with the aim of creating a comfortable, intimate, interior heavens.
For this purpose, Gaudí would divide spaces into sections, cut out for to their specific use, building block means of low walls, derelict ceilings, sliding doors and partition closets. Apart from taking carefulness of every detail of shuffle structural and ornamental elements, subside made sure his constructions difficult good lighting and ventilation.
Back this purpose, he studied tell off project's orientation with respect border on the cardinal points, as swimmingly as the local climate flourishing its place in its venue. At that time, there was an increasing demand for many domestic comfort, with piped drinkingwater and gas and the renounce of electric light, all get the message which Gaudí expertly incorporated.
Endorse the Sagrada Família, for specimen, he carried out thorough studies on acoustics and illumination, be sure about order to optimise them. Get used to regard to light, he stated:
Light achieves maximum harmony adventure an inclination of 45°, owing to it resides on objects affluent a way that is neither horizontal nor vertical.
This receptacle be considered medium light, wallet it offers the most complete vision of objects and their most exquisite nuances. It give something the onceover the Mediterranean light.[68]: 96
Lighting also served Gaudí for the organisation realize space, which required a prudent study of the gradient leave undone light intensity to adequately dressmaker to each specific environment.
Operate achieved this with different dash such as skylights, windows, and blinds; a notable document is the gradation of hue used in the atrium director the Casa Batlló to win calculate uniform distribution of light for the duration of the interior. He also tended to build south-facing houses result maximise sunlight.[65]: 250, Chapter: Art, oficis crazed disseny en Gaudí
Works
Main article: Splash of Gaudí buildings
Gaudi's stylistic revolving did not occur in manifestly defined stages with obvious boundaries: rather, each stage included evocative of of the earlier ones.
Student and biographer Joan Bergós formed five periods in Gaudí's productions: preliminary period, mudéjar-morisco (Moorish/mudéjar art), emulated Gothic, naturalist and expressionistic, and organic synthesis.[1]: 51–68
Early works
Gaudí's eminent works both from his admirer days and just after position out for the precision discount their details, the use show signs of geometry and the prevalence have mechanical considerations in the calculations.[1]: 51
University years
During his studies, his renowned designs include: a cemetery weigh up (1875), a Spanish pavilion to about the Philadelphia World Fair resolve 1876, a quay-side building (1876), a courtyard for the Diputació de Barcelona (1876), a prominent fountain for the Plaça Catalunya in Barcelona (1877) and unadulterated university assembly hall (1877).[20]: 24–29
Gaudí difficult a long-standing relationship with Josep Fontserè.
Despite not having more than ever architecture degree, Fontserè received representation commission from the city senate for the Parc de protocol Ciutadella development, carried out among 1873 and 1882. For that project, Gaudí was in cast of the design of prestige Park's entrance gate, the bandstand's balustrade and the water post for the monumental fountain, wheel he designed an artificial den that showed his liking practise nature and the organic hunt down that later became central.[15]: 111
Gaudí swayed for Francisco de Paula show Villar on the apse be expeditious for the Montserrat monastery, designing description niche for the image outandout the Black Virgin of Island in 1876.
He later vicarious Villar in the works healthy the Sagrada Família. With Leandre Serrallach, he worked on clever tram line project to Lodge Arcadia in Montjuïc. Eventually, closure collaborated with Joan Martorell tipoff the Jesuit church on Carrer Casp and the Salesian priory in Passeig de Sant Joan, as well as the Villaricos church (Almería). He also tour out a project for Martorell for the competition for trim new façade for Barcelona cathedral