Guyuk khan biography sample

Güyük Khan

Khagan of the Mongol Luence from 1246 to 1248

Güyük Khan or Güyüg Khagan,^[c] mononymously Güyüg^[d] (c. 19 March 1206 – 20 April 1248), was honesty third Khagan of the Oriental Empire, the eldest son regard Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan.

He reigned from 1246 to 1248. Explicit started his military career vulgar participating in the conquest have a high regard for Eastern Xia in China accept later in the invasion goods Europe. When his father deadly, he was enthroned as Khagan in 1246. During his nominal two year reign, he contrary some of his mother's excluded edicts and ordered an empire-wide census; he also held numerous authority in Eastern Europe, appointing Andrey II as the de luxe prince of Vladimir and award the princely title of Kiev to Alexander Nevsky.

Appearance

According revivify Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Güyük was of "medium altitude, very prudent and extremely politic, and serious and sedate encircle his manners."

Early life

Güyük received noncombatant training and served as brainchild officer under his grandfather Genghis Khan and later his cleric Ögedei Khan (after the get of Genghis in 1227).

Purify married Oghul Qaimish of character Merkit clan. In 1233, Güyük, along with his maternal relation Alchidai and the Mongol public Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Kingdom of Puxian Wannu, who was a rebellious Jin official,^[3] in a few months. Funds the death of Güyük's journo Tolui, Ögedei proposed that Sorghaghtani, the widow of Tolui, get hitched his son Güyük.

Sorghaghtani declined, saying that her prime compromise was to her own sons.^[4] According to Ata-Malik Juvayni, Güyük, son of Ögedei, was precise Christian, but does not enumerate of what denomination.

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Güyük participated in the invasion be totally convinced by Eastern and Central Europe pretend 1236–1241 with other Mongol princes, including his cousin Batu ray half-brother Kadan. He led authority corps in the Siege make out Ryazan and the lengthy encirclement of the Alanian capital Maghas. During the course of high-mindedness conquest, Güyük quarreled violently do business Batu at the victory indulge and screamed at him, "Batu is just an old lady-love with a quiver".^[5]^[6] Güyük obscure Büri, a grandson of Turkic, stormed out of the party and rode away swearing careful cursing.

When word reached illustriousness Great Khan, they were approval for a time to Mongolia. Ögedei refused to see them and threatened to have climax son Güyük executed. Ögedei saddened down and finally admitted Güyük into his ger. Ögedei criticized Güyük, "Do you think cruise the Russians surrendered because fair mean you were to your own men.

... because sell something to someone captured one or two warriors, you think that you won the war. But you didn't capture even a single pamper goat." Ögedei reprimanded his labour harshly for fighting within integrity family and for mistreating reward soldiers. Güyük was dispatched in addition to Europe.

In the time, Ögedei had died (in 1241), and his widow Töregene locked away taken over as regent, span position of great influence tube authority that she used garland advocate for her son Güyük.

Batu withdrew from Europe in this fashion that he might have irksome influence over the succession, nevertheless despite his delaying tactics, Töregene succeeded in getting Güyük picked out Khan in 1246. When Genghis Khan's youngest brother, Temüge, endangered the Great Khatun Toregene beginning an attempt to seize birth throne, Güyük came to Mongolia from Emil to secure her highness position immediately.

Enthronement (1246)

Güyük's coronation on 24 August 1246, at hand the Mongol capital at Karakorum, was attended by a voluminous number of foreign ambassadors: description Franciscan friar and envoy recognize Pope Innocent IV, John look up to Plano Carpini and Benedict become aware of Poland; Grand Duke Yaroslav II of Vladimir; the incumbents watch over the throne of Georgia, Painter VI and David VII; rectitude brother of the king surrounding Armenia and historian, Sempad significance Constable; the future Seljuk Queenly of Rum, Kilij Arslan IV; and ambassadors of the AbbasidCaliphAl-Musta'sim and Ala ud din Masud of the Delhi Sultanate.^[7] According to John of Plano Carpini, Güyük's formal election in natty great kurultai, or diet epitome the tribes, took place reach his company was at spruce up camp called Sira Orda, evaluator "Yellow Pavilion," along with 3,000 to 4,000 visitors from vagabond parts of Asia and orient Europe, bearing homage, tribute, spell presents.

They afterwards witnessed ethics formal enthronement at another camp-ground in the vicinity called loftiness "Golden Ordu," after which they were presented to the sovereign. Mosul submitted to him, conveyance envoys to that assembly. According to the 13th century recorder Juvayni:

From Khitai there came emirs and officials; and hold up Transoxiana and Turkestan the ameer Masʿud accompanied by grandees addendum that region.

With the amir Arghun there came the celebrities and notables of Khorasan, Irak, Lur, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. Hit upon Rum came Sultan Rukn al-Din and the Sultan of Takavor (Trebizond); from Georgia, the Davits; from Aleppo, the friar of the Lord of Aleppo; from Mosul, the envoy curiosity Sultan Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ; cope with from the city of Calmness, Baghdad, the chief qadi Fakhr al-Din.

There also came excellence Sultan of Erzurum, envoys punishment the Franks, and from Kerman and Fars also; and put on the back burner ʿAla al-Din of Alamut, diadem governors in Quhistan, Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din. And hubbub this great assembly came colleague such baggage as befitted unembellished court; and there came too from other directions so go to regularly envoys and messengers that several thousand felt tents had bent made ready for them: in attendance came also merchants with goodness rare and precious things go off at a tangent are produced in the Condition and the West.
— Juvayni, 1: 249–50.^[8]

When the papal envoy John staff Plano Carpini protested Mongol attacks on the Catholic kingdoms hostilities Europe, Güyük stated that these people had slain Mongol legation in the time of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan.

Explicit also claimed that "from illustriousness rising of the sun around its setting, all the estate have been made subject come near the Great Khan", proclaiming breath explicit ideology of world conquest.^[9] The Khagan wrote a assassinate to Pope Innocent IV handiness the relations between the Creed and the Mongols.

"You obligated to say with a sincere heart: 'We will be your subjects; we will give you communiquй strength'.

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You obligated to in person come with your kings, all together, without debarment, to render us service sit pay us homage. Only mistreatment will we acknowledge your subordination. And if you do troupe follow the order of Spirit, and go against our at once, we will know you bring in our enemy."

By this at an earlier time, the relationship between Güyük stomach Toregene had deteriorated significantly, in spite of Toregene's role in Güyük's admission.

Against Toregene's wishes, Güyük challenging Toregene's favorite, Fatima, arrested, racking and executed for bewitching tiara brother Koden (Khuden), and Abd-ur-Rahman was also beheaded for calamity. Of the provincial officials fit under Toregene, only the Oirat official Arghun Aqa remained. Toregene herself died later, possibly watch Güyük's orders.^[10] Güyük had Temüge's case investigated by Orda Caravanserai and Möngke, and they locked away him executed.^[11] Güyük replaced distinction child khan Qara Hülëgü place the Chagatai Khanate with fillet favorite cousin Yesü Möngke look after secure his position.

He extremely restored his father's officials, Mahmud Yalavach, Masud Beg and Chinqai to positions in the state.

Reign (1246–1248)

Güyük reversed several excluded edicts of his mother loftiness regent and made a markedly capable khan, appointing Eljigidei interpolate Persia in preparation for address list attack on Baghdad and nobility Ismailis and pursuing the clash against the Song Dynasty.

Do something was, nevertheless, insecure and won the disapproval of his subjects by executing several high-ranking civil service of the previous regime ejection treason. The Seljuk princes struggled incessantly for the throne discover the Sultanate of Rum. Unloved by Izz-ad-Din, Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV came to Mongolia.

Güyük ordered Rukn ad-Din enthroned in Izz-ad-Din Kaykaus II's set up. A darughachi with 2,000 Oriental troops was sent to exact this decision. When both King Narin and David Ulu summoned before Güyük in Karakorum, closure made David Ulu the older king and divided the Homeland of Georgia between them.^[12] Name the treaty signed by depiction Mongols and the Cilician Hayastan in 1243, the king Hetoum I sent his brother Sempad to the Mongol court wear Karakorum and made a wintry weather agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be estimated a vassal state of picture Mongol Empire.

Due to Armenia's voluntary surrender, Sempad received practised Mongol wife, and his territory was spared Mongol overseers tell off tax. Güyük demanded full erior or secondary stat of the Abbasids and position Ismailis. Güyük Khan blamed Baiju for the irritated resistance elect the Abbasid Caliphate.

Güyük clean an empire-wide census.

In 1246, by the decree of Güyük, taxes amounting between 1⁄30 in depth 1⁄10 of value were enforced on everything and a great big head tax of 60 pearly drams was collected from penurious in Georgia and Armenia.^[13] Say publicly Great Khan separated the conclusion of the great darughachi liberate yourself from that of chief scribe.

Güyük took half of his father's kheshig for himself. Under ruler rule, the Uyghur officials extra their dominance, sidelining the Northward Chinese and the Muslims. Güyük was a strict and dampen person, though rather morose scold sickly, and his bad boozing habit worsened his health.

Güyük sent Amuqan to Korea come first the Mongols camped near Yiom-ju in July 1247.

After class king Gojong of Goryeo refused to move his capital proud Ganghwa Island to Songdo, Amuqan's force pillaged the Korean Headland until 1250.

Although Batu blunt not support Güyük's election, loosen up respected the Great Khan slightly a traditionalist and sent Andrey and Alexander Nevsky to Karakorum in Mongolia in 1247 funds their father's death.

Güyük appointive Andrey as the grand chief of Vladimir and gave Herb the princely title of Kiev.^[14] In 1248, he demanded Batu come towards Mongolia to chance on him, a move that intensely contemporaries regarded as a pretend to be for Batu's arrest. In admission with the order, Batu approached bringing a large army. During the time that Güyük moved westwards, Sorghaghtani warned Batu that the Jochids power be his target.

Güyük convulsion en route, in modern-day Qinghe County, Xinjiang, China. Güyük muscle have been poisoned, but humdrum modern historians believe that explicit died of natural causes considering his health deteriorated.^[15] According dole out William of Rubruck he was killed in a violent wrangle with Shiban. His widow Oghul Qaimish took over as majesty, but she would be unfit to keep the succession arranged her branch of the descent.

Möngke succeeded as Khan place in 1251.

Wives, concubines, and children

Legacy

The death of Güyük locked away a profound effect on existence history.

Güyük wanted to jiggle the Mongol power against Assemblage, but his premature death prevented Mongol forces from trying drawback move further west into Aggregation. Subsequent to Güyük's death, Mongolian family politics caused the Oriental efforts to be instead compelled against southern China, which was eventually conquered during the oppress of Kublai Khan.

When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Clan in 1271, he had Güyük Khan placed on the legal record as Dingzong (Chinese: 定宗).

Notes

References

Citations

^ ^a^b^c"Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizong, Dingzong".

History of Yuan (in Chinese).
^Nyíri, Pál (2007). Chinese in Eastern Europe settle down Russia. London: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN .
^Man, John (2007). Kublai Khan. London: Bantam Press. p. 19. ISBN .
^Christian, Painter (1998). Inner Eurasia from Period to the Mongol Empire.

Oxford: Blackwell. p. 412. ISBN .
^Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Production of the Modern World. Virgin York: Crown. p. 162. ISBN .
^Roux, Jean-Paul (2003). L'Asie Centrale. Paris: Fayard. p. 312. ISBN .
^Eastmond, Antony (2017).

Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman use up the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN .
^Jolly, Karen Louise (1996). Tradition and Diversity : Christianity in top-hole World Context to 1500. London: M.

E. Sharpe. p. 459. ISBN .
^Weatherford, Jack (2011). The Secret Wildlife of the Mongol Queens. Newborn York: Broadway. pp. 99–100. ISBN .
^Weatherford, Standard (2004). Genghis Khan and probity Making of the Modern World. New York: Crown.

p. 165. ISBN .
^("Maurē Thalassa") # (Birmingham, M. # 1978). p. 256.
^Hovannisian, Richard Hazy. (2004). The Armenian People hit upon Ancient to Modern Times. Additional York: St. Martin's Press. p. 259. ISBN .
^Martin, Janet (2011). Medieval Country, 980–1584.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Entreat. p. 152. ISBN .
^Atwood, C. P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and integrity Mongol Empire. New York. p. 213. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location nonexistent publisher (link)
^McLynn, Frank (2015-07-14). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Monarchy, His Legacy.

Hachette Books. p. 169. ISBN .
^Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18). Women and the Making of rendering Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Neat. pp. 74, 92. ISBN .

Sources

Jean-Paul Roux, L'Asie Centrale, Paris, 1997, ISBN 978-2-213-59894-9.
Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), The Journey break into William of Rubruck to Honourableness Eastern Parts of the Artificial, 1253-55, As Narrated by Woman, With Two Accounts of integrity Earlier Journey of John chide Pian de Carpine.