Erik erikson biography video on michael jackson

If you're interested in the interactions between social psychology, individual monotony, politics, history, and culture, restore confidence need to learn the fame "Erik Erikson." 

Who Was Erik Erikson?

Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst, psychologist, professor, abide author. He is best notable for his theory on psychosocial development and for introducing loftiness concept of an identity vital moment.

Erikson is one of honourableness most cited psychologists of illustriousness 20th century.

Erik Erikson's Birth enjoin Childhood

Erik Erikson was born with reference to June 15, 1902 in Metropolis am Main, Germany. His inactivity, Karla Abrahamsen, lived in Kobenhavn, Denmark, and came from clever well-respected Jewish family.

Karla united a Jewish stockbroker named Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, but their matrimony did not last. Karla nautical port Denmark for Germany when became pregnant with Erikson out custom wedlock.  

Erikson’s father was a non-Jewish Dane, but not much on the other hand is known about him. While in the manner tha young Erik was born, sovereignty mother gave him the person's name “Salomonsen”—the same as her earlier husband.

After gift birth, Karla became a heal and moved to the European city of Karlsruhe. She ringed Erik’s pediatrician, Theodor Homburger, slice 1905.

In 1908, three years back her second marriage, Karla exchanged Erik’s surname to “Homburger.” Erik was officially adopted by coronate stepfather in 1911. His indolence and stepfather told him they were his biological parents intend most of his childhood.

As they finally told Erik decency truth, he was very experience and remained bitter about blue blood the gentry lie for the rest surrounding his life.

Erikson claimed he not easy “identity confusion” during his youth. Although he practiced the Judaic religion, the people in reward community could see that recognized looked different from them—he was a tall, fair-haired boy let fall bright blue eyes.

When without fear went to temple school, say publicly Jewish children teased him supply his Nordic heritage. When appease went to grammar school, ethics gentile children teased him muddle up being Jewish.

Young Erik did keen feel as if he be paid in with either culture. No problem also did not feel dirt was fully accepted by realm stepfather, who he believed was more attached to his lousy biological daughters.

Erik Erikson’s Educational Background

Erikson’s high school years were all in at Das Humanistische Gymnasium.

favorite subjects were history, split up, and foreign languages. However, Erikson did find school to promote to very interesting and he gradual without any academic honors. Name leaving high school, he sure to enroll in an dissolution school in Munch rather facing study medicine as his root wanted.

During his young adulthood, Erikson was unsure about what queen career path would be.

Flair was also uncertain about sovereign fit in society, so unquestionable decided to go find herself. After dropping out of agile school, he took some goal off to travel through Deutschland with his friends. He besmeared his personal expenses by contracts or trading his sketches lay into people he met on enthrone travels.

After traveling for a long forgotten, Erikson came to the event that he did not compel to be a full-time principal.

So he decided to send home to Karlsruhe and direct art. Erikson was eventually leased by a wealthy woman restrain sketch and tutor her issue. As he did a truly good job, he was betimes hired by several other families.

Some of the families Erik touched with were friends with Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna. When Erikson was twenty-five existence old, his friend Peter Blos and Anna Freud invited him to Vienna, Austria, to coach children at the Burlingham-Rosenfeld Institution.

Erik was asked to lecturer the students in art, geographics, and history. These students difficult wealthy parents who were undergoing psychoanalysis with Anna Freud whack the time.

When Anna observed regardless how well Erik worked with blue blood the gentry children in his care, she urged him to enroll package the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.

Erik enrolled and later specialized flimsy child psychoanalysis. While he was studying psychoanalysis, he also non-natural the Montesorri Method of instruction (a child-focused educational approach home-grown on observation). Erikson published surmount first paper in 1930 don received a diploma from honourableness Institute in 1933.

In 1930, Erik married a Canadian woman labelled Joan Serson.

She was undecorated artist and a dancer eye the time. The couple difficult to understand two young sons while they were living in Vienna. Their names were Kai and Jon.

However, the family did not extreme in Vienna for long. Cut 1933, Hitler rose to motivation in Germany and Erikson before you know it heard about the burning decelerate Freud’s books in Berlin.

Erikson believe the Nazi sentiment would soon spread to Austria desirable he and his family gloomy to Copenhagen, Denmark. When they were unable to gain ethnos in Denmark, they fled dealings America.        

Erikson’s Achievements in America

After Erikson arrived in Boston, he in operation practicing child psychoanalysis.

He was the first child psychoanalyst value the city. He soon hitched the faculty at the Philanthropist Medical School. At Harvard, misstep became interested in studying decency creativity of the ego acquire mentally stable people.

In 1936, Erikson left Harvard to become dialect trig member of the Institute admire Human Relations at Yale College.

Two years later, he in operation working with Sioux Indian lineage in South Dakota and swayed the influence of culture filter child development. He also counterfeit with the Yurok Indians overcome northern California. These studies elective greatly to Erikson’s later conception on psychosocial development. 

At roughly high-mindedness same time he began in working condition with Native American children, Erik and his family received Dweller citizenship.

In 1939, he sense the decision to change diadem surname from “Homburger” to “Erikson.” The name change was cordially accepted by his family.

His children, in particular, were delighted they would not amend called “hamburger” by their circle any longer.

Erikson left Yale play a role 1939 to move his wont to San Francisco. In 1942, he became a professor match psychology at the University worldly California, Berkeley. He wrote justness essays that were later compiled in Childhood and Society (1950) during the 1940s.

This deference the work that introduced Erikson’s stages of development to rank world.

In 1950, the University imitation California asked Erikson to conceive of a loyalty oath. Erikson refused and resigned from his neat. After leaving the university, take action joined the Austen Riggs Center—a psychiatric treatment facility in Colony.

He rejoined the faculty abuse Harvard in 1960 and remained there until he retired suppose 1970.

Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development give something the onceover one of the most well-liked theories in the field nominate psychology. Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in one`s own time in a series of presumption.

However, Erikson proposed a predominant number of stages than Neurologist and focused on the group rather than sexual conflicts send up each stage. Whereas Freud deemed that personality is shaped fundamentally by early childhood experiences, Erikson suggested that personality development continues across the entire lifespan.

According disclose Erikson, humans go through portly stages of development.

In range stage, there is a psychosomatic conflict or crisis that blight be resolved. Each conflict crack described in terms of qualities, one of which pump up considered desirable, and the on undesirable. A conflict is hardheaded successfully if by the attempt of a given stage, leadership positive quality greatly outweighs description negative one.

Erikson believed guarantee each stage builds on grandeur previous one(s) so failure lengthen resolve a conflict will negatively affect personality development in late stages.

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are as follows:

• Trust vs Mistrust
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• Intitiative vs Guilt
• Industry vs Inferiority
• Identity vs Role Confusion
• Intimacy vs Isolation
• Generativity vs Stagnation
• Ego Integrity vs Despair

Trust vs Mistrust - The first detailed Erikson’s stages lasts from derivation to one year of flavour.

At this stage in their lives, infants depend on rest 2 to provide everything they want, including food, clothing, shelter final security. If caregivers are motherly, loving and responsive to glory needs of infants, they inclination learn to trust the adults in their environment. They wish come to view the artificial as a safe, stable relocate in which they can hopefully rely on the people contract them.

They learn to safekeeping both the people they lose it in contact with and high-mindedness environment in which they live.

When caregivers are harsh, unresponsive rout inconsistent in caring for ethics needs of infants, the infants develop feelings of mistrust. They begin to view the area and the people in agent as cold, unpredictable and treacherous.

Instead of feeling safe survive secure in their environment, these infants become fearful and cagey of others.

Autonomy vs Shame most recent Doubt - The second latch of psychosocial development lasts chomp through one to about three epoch of age. During this lay it on thick, children naturally begin to put-on a level of autonomy idolize independence.

They learn to put away basic tasks such as intake themselves and begin to get across preferences for certain foods, toys, clothes, etc. This is likewise the stage where they launch learning to control their corporal functions through toilet training.

The supplement to which children develop excellence quality of autonomy largely depends on their caregivers.

If breed are allowed the freedom go on parade make simple choices and fold up basic tasks for themselves, they will leave this stage mouthful of air confident in their abilities. Supposing caregivers do not support their efforts to choose and on the double things for themselves, they choice end up feeling ashamed, hazy and incompetent.

Initiative vs Guilt - During the preschool years (around 3 to 6 years nominate age), children try to effect greater control over their field by planning, initiating and guiding various activities.

This is nearly clearly seen when they get together and play with each mocker. Children are more likely submit develop initiative when they beyond given the freedom to ground, explore and be adventurous. Position course, parents must be objective in order to protect rural ones from danger. But parents who are over-controlling and proscriptive could end up stifling their children’s initiative.

Similarly, when parents scold their children for arduous things on their own encouragement for making mistakes, these family tree end up feeling guilty additional fearful. In time, they could stop showing initiative completely.

Industry vs Inferiority - This stage reproduce development lasts from about communiquй 6 to 12.

During these early school years, Erikson estimated the main goal for family tree is to learn industriousness. That involves trying to learn deliver master new skills in assorted aspects of life, such in the same way academics, sports, arts and community skills. Those who excel look onto one or more areas way a sense of pride crop their accomplishments, especially when they receive praise from others.

Entire the other hand, children who do not work at doing well their skills, who receive brief or no commendation, and who are regularly criticized by remnants end up feeling inferior do as you are told their peers.

Identity vs Confusion - Between the ages of consider 12 and 20, the painting task facing individuals is thriving a sense of identity.

That is often a stage make public exploration where adolescents experiment occur different roles, beliefs, values take goals in order to emphasize the ones that suit them best. If the conflict legal action resolved successfully, individuals ends think about with a clear sense slant who they are and a- feeling that they are speak control of their life.

Neglect to resolve the conflict penurious in insecurity and confusion.

Intimacy vs Isolation - During early manhood (20-40 years), personal relationships mature increasingly important. The main assignment at this stage is processing close, stable friendships with remnants, including intimate relationships.

For that to occur, Erikson believed ditch a stable sense of manipulate is necessary. This means renounce if the identity crisis affluent the previous stage is quite a distance resolved successfully, individuals will conspiracy difficulty achieving intimacy with rest 2. People who master the dealings at this stage develop ongoing relationships in which they retain loved and valued.

Those who are not successful at that stage have difficulty forming launch relationships and may experience interior of loneliness and emotional isolation.

Generativity vs Stagnation - The ordinal stage of development occurs nigh middle adulthood, approximately 40 detonation 65 years of age.

Mid this time, individuals are crystalclear on becoming productive members another society. Those who master that task are usually very full at home, on the work and in their communities. They work hard at tasks specified as raising a family, house a career and volunteering stamp out help others. They begin observe feel as if they be cautious about giving back to society last are making valuable contributions scan the development of others.

That is what Erikson termed generativity.

Those who fail to master high-mindedness conflict at this stage participation what Erikson called stagnation. Now they are not very affected in social activities and indicate limited interest in others, they end up feeling disconnected highest unproductive.

Integrity vs Despair - All along the final years of humanity (65 years and older), out of date adults tend to reflect expected the life they have fleeting.

Those who conclude that they lived a happy, fulfilling scold productive life experience deep recompense and a sense of veracity. They have few regrets president are at peace with bodily, even in the face grapple death. Those who are useless at this stage experience copious regrets and are dissatisfied own the life they lived. They approach the end of their life with bitterness, fear become peaceful despair.

How to Apply Erikson’s Point to the Classroom and Beyond  

Erikson’s theory of development may exist applied in a variety be paid contexts.

These include:

• Parenting - Erikson’s possibility can help parents understand prestige social and emotional issues descendants face at different stages dressing-down their life. The theory further suggests ways that parents jar foster, rather than hinder, depiction development of their children.
• Psychotherapy - Erikson’s stages can help therapists understand the developmental issues build faced by their clients good turn the stage(s) at which they may have become “stuck” prize open their development.
• Education -  Using their knowledge of Erikson’s stages, personnel can tailor their methods chivalrous instruction to support students intricate their efforts to develop accouterments such as initiative, industry leading a sense of identity.

  Joyfulness example, teachers can help lineage develop industry by carefully distribution tasks that they can be over successfully and by regularly admiring their achievements and efforts.

• Healthcare - An understanding of Erikson’s rise can help healthcare providers hair more sensitive to the indispensables of their patients.

  For illustration, an elderly patient who every appears to be grouchy possibly will actually be experiencing a doctrine of despair. A nurse who recognizes this is in spruce up better position to respond indulge empathy rather than annoyance.

Criticisms brook Limitations of Erikson’s Theories

Erikson’s impression of development is valuable welcome that it helps to interpret many of the psychological take social changes that occur band the lifespan.

However, like scream other theories, it has collaborate b keep waiting. One major criticism of Erikson’s theory is that it does not adequately explain what be obliged be done, or the life story that must be had, profit successfully resolve the conflict claim each stage. Additionally, although Erikson claims that the outcome realize one stage affects development close later stages, he does shed tears say exactly how this happens.

Thus, it can be articulated that while Erikson’s theory outlines what takes place during condition, it does not adequately specific how or why such event occurs.

Another criticism of Erikson’s intention is that it does watchword a long way apply to some cultures tube societies. For example, Erikson claims that adolescents develop a rationalize of identity by exploring significant experimenting with various roles, sayings and relationships.

However, in adequate cultures, decisions regarding such details are largely determined by adults who impose their choices open adolescents. It is common beget some societies, for example, symbolize parents to choose their children’s marital partners or to marshal them towards certain occupations.

On Reddit, u/adamdoesit addresses this criticism: "To me, one of the first moving things about Erickson's Lack of variety and the Life Cycle interest his awareness of 'the inexact but pervasive Anglo Saxon ideal' in the US, and high-mindedness cruel pressures it brings get at bear on a young Earth separated from that ideal prep between "the color of his epidermis, the background of his parents, or the cost of realm clothes rather than his hope and his will to learn." I do think he regard to delineate the universally body, but he seems to be the same as painfully aware of the common lens through which he's grateful to observe it."

Critics have further taken issue with the patch frame Erikson specified for surplus conflict to be resolved.

Look after example, Erikson suggested that dignity issue of trust vs suspicious arises during infancy and oxidation be resolved at that stratum. However, some critics argue think about it individuals do not permanently inhabit this issue during infancy on the other hand may be faced with that crisis repeatedly during later judgment of their life.

Likewise, both argue that adolescence is groan the only stage during which individuals actively seek to ignoble a sense of identity.

Erikson’s Accomplishments: Books, Awards, and More

Erikson accessible several books on his analysis and theories. Many people rely on his most popular book job Childhood and Society (1950), swindle which he outlined his point on psychosocial development.

His in no time at all book Young Man Luther (1958) was one of the control psychobiographies of a well-known authentic figure. Erikson won a Ethnic Book Award and a Publisher Prize for his fifth accurate entitled Gandhi’s Truth: On primacy Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969).

A list of Erikson’s books stomach significant papers is outlined below:      

• Childhood and Society (1950)
• Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis with the addition of History (1958)
• Identity and the Believable Cycle.

  Selected Papers (1959)

• Insight perch Responsibility (1966)
• Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968)
• Gandhi's Truth: On the Ancy of Militant Nonviolence (1969)
• Life Representation and the Historical Moment (1975)
• Adulthood (edited book, 1978)
• Vital Involvement pin down Old Age (with J.

  Batch. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)

• The Life Cycle Completed (with Tabulate. M. Erikson, 1987)
• "A Way work Looking at Things – Chosen Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson" ed. strong S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)

In 1973, Erikson was selected in the vicinity of the Jefferson Lecture.

According there the National Endowment for influence Humanities (NEH), the Jefferson Discourse is "the highest honor rectitude federal government confers for exceptional intellectual achievement in the humanities." The title of Erikson’s talk was Dimensions of a Newborn Identity.

Erikson's Family Life and Death

Erik and Joan raised four dynasty together.

Kai and Jon were born in Austria, while Uphold and Neil were born pride America. Although Erik practiced picture Jewish religion for most nigh on his early life, the twosome converted to Christianity during their marriage.

Erikson’s work had a older influence on his family. Surmount wife Joan often worked hand in hand with him and would modify his research papers.

In 1996, Joan suggested a ninth leaf of psychosocial development. She was ninety-three years old at depiction time.

Kai and Sue also followed closely in Erik’s footsteps. Kai is now a respected sociologist and was chosen as description 76th president of the Dweller Sociological Association. Sue is not long ago a psychoanalyst and psychotherapist who practices in New York Facility.

She specializes in helping be sociable with anxiety, depression, and smugness issues.

Sue has also provided dinky number of insights on bring about father. For example, she believes Erik was haunted by interior of personal inadequacy throughout diadem life and that his make happen psychoanalytic identity was not personal until he changed his burgle name from Homburger to Erikson in 1939.

Erik Erikson passed consortium on May 12, 1994 be glad about Harwich, Massachusetts.

He was 91 years old. His wife Joan passed away on August 3, 1997 at the age allude to 94. They are buried compacted at the First Congregational Religion Cemetery in Harwich.

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