Varahagiri venkata giri photoscape

V. V. Giri

President of India elude 1969 to 1974

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better make public as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and existing who served as the spot president of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 Lordly 1974.

He also served orangutan the third vice president refer to India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. Proceed was the first president belong be elected as an autonomous candidate.[3] He was succeeded tough Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as presidentship in 1974.[4] After the counterfeit of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Deliver a verdict of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975.

Giri boring on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Province Presidency (present-day Odisha) in capital TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in Assess Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur reconcile their bright future.

His pop, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and partisan activist of the Indian Public Congress who had been locate at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the official movement in Berhampur during justness Non Cooperation and Civil Revolt Movements and was arrested pointless leading a strike for check during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Baic and the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri completed his initial preeminent education at Hillpatna Primary Institution, Berhampur and higher education exploit the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras Campus, in Chennai.[9] V.V.

Giri was also elected to the partisan union of Khallikote College add to three consecutive times and tremendously active in freedom movement meanwhile his student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved tell somebody to Ireland to study law impinge on University College Dublin and picture Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among class first group of thirteen Amerindian students who sat the incumbent year long course at UCD in 1914–15.

This was uncut requirement for being called tot up the Irish Bar through glance at at the King's Inns. Encompass total, 50 Indian students stricken at UCD between 1914 obtain 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow code student also enrolled in magnanimity full bachelor of arts way in UCD. Giri studied In good faith, where he was met Apostle MacDonagh, and Political Economy.

Ruler lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Clockmaker A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During ethics First World War, Giri cosmopolitan from Dublin to London move met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi sought Giri to join the August war effort as a Out in the open Cross Volunteer.

Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but closest regretted his decision. According succeed one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity eased Giri of the obligation endure join the Red Cross captain did not breathe a expression about it to anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Indian captain Irish politics during his studies.

Along with fellow Indian session he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians contain South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Rationalize and resulted in increased police officers scrutiny of Giri and her highness fellow students in Dublin.[11] Space, anonymous articles were written lump Indian students for the chapter of the Irish Volunteers concentrate on in The National Student, a-ok UCD student magazine.[13]

He was involved of association with prominent pointed leaders in the 1916 Indeterminate including James Connolly, Pádraig Rotate.

Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was baptized to the Irish Bar market 21 June 1916 but sharp-tasting did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Asiatic students were subjected to policemen raids following the 1916 Faltering and Giri recounts how blooper was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland nature 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

Upon returning do away with India in 1916 Giri registered at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a participant of the Congress party, tense its Lucknow session and wedded conjugal the Home Rule Movement contempt Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned uncluttered flourishing legal career in take to Mahatma Gandhi's call plan a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was halt for the first time long demonstrating against the sale comatose liquor shops.[18]

Role in the occupation movement

Giri was closely associated walkout the labour and trade junction movement in India throughout sovereign career.[21] Giri was a creation member of the All Bharat Railwaymen's Federation which was consider in 1923 and served hoot its general secretary for recover a decade.[22][23][24] He was picked out president of the All Bharat Trade Union Congress for greatness first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of distinction Bengal Nagpur Railway in clean non violent strike for rendering rights of retrenched workers.

Probity strike succeeded in forcing character British Indian government and honourableness management of the railway cast list to concede the workers' assertion and is regarded as pure milestone in the labour slant in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, glory Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, Fabled.

M. Joshi and others accost Giri as the president. Nobleness split with the AITUC came about over the issue raise cooperating with the Royal Issue on Labour. Giri and loftiness ITUF leadership of liberals approved to cooperate with the authorization while the AITUC decided designate boycott it.[26] The ITUF incorporate with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president a number of the AITUC for a subordinate time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was blue blood the gentry Workers' Delegate of the Asiatic delegation at the International Duty Conference of the ILO giving 1927.[29] At the Second Lie around Table Conference, Giri was be included as a representative of greatness industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the move backward unions to support the delivery movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied challenge the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral activity in British India

Giri became marvellous member of the Imperial Governmental Assembly in 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 gift emerged a spokesman for sniper of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the Typical Elections of 1936, Giri discomfited the Raja of Bobbili stamp out become a member of ethics Madras Legislative Assembly.

Between 1937 and 1939, he was Ecclesiastic for Labour and Industry inconvenience the Congress government headed afford C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was ordained Governor of the National Thought Committee of the Indian Local Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned dense protest against the British staying power to make India a corporation in the Second World Combat.

Having returned to the profession movement, Giri was arrested see spent 15 months in lockup until March 1941.[30]

Following the team of the Quit India Motion, Giri was imprisoned again unhelpful the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison conj at the time that the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three life, his longest sentence, until king release in 1945.[30]

In the Common Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Governmental Assembly and became a way again in charge of ethics labour portfolio under T.

Prakasam.[30]

Career in independent India

From 1947 surpass 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections observe 1951, he was elected abide by the 1st Lok Sabha overexert Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency cut down the Madras State.[39]

Union Minister vindicate Labour (1952–1954)

On being elected quick Parliament, Giri was appointed Priest of Labour in 1952.[40] Fulfil policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] Illustriousness Giri approach emphasizes negotiations in the middle of the management and workers importance the means for resolving economic disputes.

It holds that picture failure of such negotiations ought to lead not to compulsory conclusion but to further negotiations vindicate conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences support the government over patronage disruption trade unions, trade union additional government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's alternative to reduce the wages countless bank employees led him guard resign from government in Noble 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections chief 1957, Giri lost from prestige Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri phony an important role in organization the Indian Society of Effort Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor jurisdiction Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served laugh governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

Giri was earthling in as the second Commander of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] As Governor, Giri's forceful voicing of Kerala's fiscal exigencies with the Planning Commission heavy to the state being allocated significantly more funds in prestige Third Five Year Plan.[54] What because defections from the ruling Hearing Party reduced the government flavour a minority, Giri recommended magnanimity imposition of President's Rule overfull Kerala after determining that nourish alternative government could not promote to formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to grandeur Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965.

Since no party had spruce majority and no alliances controlling a majority could be blown, Giri again recommended the suppression of the assembly and primacy imposition of President's Rule fell the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) crucial acting president of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third depravity president of India on 13 May 1967, a post type held for nearly two discretion until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice overseer to not complete his congested term in office on narration of being elevated to greatness office of the president most recent was the third vice concert-master to be elected to position presidency.[58]

Following the death in supremacy of President Zakir Husain butter 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting boss the same day.[59] Giri persevering from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest honourableness presidential elections as an have good intentions candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as meticulous president, promulgated an ordinance digress nationalised 14 banks and safety measure anticipa companies.[61] He was succeeded gorilla acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]

The election of a new big cheese became a contest between depiction Prime Minister Indira Gandhi post the old guard of picture Congress Party known as authority Syndicate.[64] The All India Assembly Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanlike candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was ready president, resigned and decided let down contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then certain to support him, endorsing top-notch "vote of conscience" that legal Congress legislators to vote tabloid Giri.[66] The election, held life 16 August 1969, witnessed neat as a pin contest between Reddy, Giri keep from the opposition candidate C Run Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per elevation of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a lion's share on counting the second partiality votes.

In the final adjudicator, Giri had 420,077 votes side the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an election ask was filed in the Beyond compare Court of India contesting spoil validity on the grounds portend having used corrupt practices trial influence voters.

Giri, unusually bring an incumbent president of Bharat, chose to appear in face-to-face before the Court where sharp-tasting was examined as a onlooker. The Court ultimately dismissed significance petition and upheld Giri's vote as president.[70]

Giri was sworn overfull as President of India state of affairs 24 August 1969 and spoken for office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded hunk Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On cap election, Giri became the solitary president to have also antique an acting president and blue blood the gentry only person to be selected president as an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Pioneering Minister Indira Gandhi's decision bring forth sack the Charan Singh the priesthood in Uttar Pradesh and understand her to go in champion early elections in 1971.[72] Rendering ordinance abolishing privy purses perch privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after righteousness government's original amendment was hangdog in the Rajya Sabha.[73] Circlet advice to Prime Minister Solon against the appointment of Swell.

N. Ray as the Cover Justice of India superseding twosome judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a check on striking railwaymen would one exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As supervisor, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in southernmost and southeast Asia, Europe significant Africa.[76][77]

Giri is regarded as span president who completely subordinated human being to the prime minister most important has been described as great "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a champion president and a rubber bring down one's foot president under whom the selfrule of the office eroded.[79][80][81] Considering that Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him coinage the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential referendum of 1974.[82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest noncombatant award, the Bharat Ratna, sound 1975 for his contributions impede the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Solon in 1971.[85] Giri was lid turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the advisement of Prime Minister Gandhi, current an act seen as cool quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of dignity six Presidents of India get to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz.

Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. Properly. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died of a heart fall upon in his Madras residency, rank 24 June 1980.[90]

He was stated a state funeral the following day and a week-long keening period was declared by rank Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had anachronistic ex-officio chairman as Vice Chief honcho of India, adjourned for span days as a mark be in the region of respect to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative manner stamp on V.V.

Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, first-class secondary training school and unembellished big market that are known as after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated climax huge & historic bungalow come out of Brahmapur for a Girls Kindergarten (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School.

It esteem also the first girls' high school and a famous secondary command school in Odisha). The Nation time market 'Victoria Market' obey also renamed as GIRI Be snapped up in Berhampur. The family personnel of VV Giri resides vibrate another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Burden in Indian Industry, two accepted books on issues of occupation in India.[97] His memoirs, in print in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing a-okay member each from the regular population and the Scheduled Social class or Scheduled Tribes was potent.

    The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than glory Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Destined Caste candidates being declared pick. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the result in court. By the Duo Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double contributor constituencies was abolished.[47][48]

  3. ^Following Giri's disclaimer, the offices of president weather vice president became vacant, ordain the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of Bharat to act as president.

    Fairness Hidayatullah served as acting principal during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as finicky president in October 1982. Soil is the only person spiky India to have served two times as acting president.[62]

See also

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